How to use patsy - 10 common examples

env2 = EvalEnvironment([{"a": 11}], flags=test_flag)
        assert env2.eval("a <> 0") == True
        assert_raises(SyntaxError, env2.eval, "a != 0")
        assert env2.subset(["a"]).flags == test_flag
        assert env2.with_outer_namespace({"b": 10}).flags == test_flag
    else:
        test_flag = __future__.division.compiler_flag
        assert test_flag & _ALL_FUTURE_FLAGS

        env = EvalEnvironment([{"a": 11}], flags=0)
        assert env.eval("a / 2") == 11 // 2 == 5
        assert env.subset(["a"]).flags == 0
        assert env.with_outer_namespace({"b": 10}).flags == 0

        env2 = EvalEnvironment([{"a": 11}], flags=test_flag)
        assert env2.eval("a / 2") == 11 * 1. / 2 != 5
        env2.subset(["a"]).flags == test_flag
        assert env2.with_outer_namespace({"b": 10}).flags == test_flag

])
        assert col_indices.size > 0, "Could not find any matching columns!"
        if coef_to_test is not None:
            if len(factor_loc_totest) > 1:
                raise ValueError("do not set coef_to_test if more than one factor_loc_totest is given")
            samples = sample_description[factor_loc_totest].astype(type(coef_to_test)) == coef_to_test
            one_cols = np.where(design_loc[samples][:, col_indices][0] == 1)
            if one_cols.size == 0:
                # there is no such column; modify design matrix to create one
                design_loc[:, col_indices] = np.where(samples, 1, 0)
    elif coef_to_test is not None:
        # Directly select coefficients to test from design matrix (xarray):
        # Check that coefficients to test are not dependent parameters if constraints are given:
        # TODO: design_loc is sometimes xarray and sometimes patsy when it arrives here, 
        # should it not always be xarray?
        if isinstance(design_loc, patsy.design_info.DesignMatrix):
            col_indices = np.asarray([
                design_loc.design_info.column_names.index(x)
                for x in coef_to_test
            ])
        else:
            col_indices = np.asarray([
                list(np.asarray(design_loc.coords['design_params'])).index(x)
                for x in coef_to_test
            ])
        if constraints_loc is not None:
            dep_coef_indices = np.where(np.any(constraints_loc == -1, axis=0) == True)[0]
            assert np.all([x not in dep_coef_indices for x in col_indices]), "cannot test dependent coefficient"
            indep_coef_indices = np.where(np.any(constraints_loc == -1, axis=0) == False)[0]

    ## Fit GLM:
    model = _fit(

def test_harmonic_transform():
    x = np.arange(735688, 735688 + 100, 1)
    design = patsy.dmatrix('0 + harm(x, 1)')

    truth = np.vstack((np.cos(2 * np.pi / 365.25 * x),
                       np.sin(2 * np.pi / 365.25 * x))).T

    np.testing.assert_equal(np.asarray(design), truth)

def raise_patsy_error(x):
        raise PatsyError("WHEEEEEE")
    formula = "raise_patsy_error(X) + Y"

def t_invalid(formula_like, data, depth, exc=PatsyError): # pragma: no cover
    if isinstance(depth, int):
        depth += 1
    fs = [dmatrix, dmatrices]
    if have_pandas:
        fs += [dmatrix_pandas, dmatrices_pandas]
    for f in fs:
        try:
            f(formula_like, data, depth)
        except exc:
            pass
        else:
            raise AssertionError

True,
      [[1, 1], [1, 2], [1, 3]], ["Intercept", "x_in_env"])
    t("~ x_in_env", {"x_in_env": [10, 20, 30]}, 0,
      True,
      [[1, 10], [1, 20], [1, 30]], ["Intercept", "x_in_env"])
    # Trying to pull x_in_env out of our *caller* shouldn't work.
    t_invalid("~ x_in_env", {}, 1, exc=(NameError, PatsyError))
    # But then again it should, if called from one down on the stack:
    def check_nested_call():
        x_in_env = "asdf"
        t("~ x_in_env", {}, 1,
          True,
          [[1, 1], [1, 2], [1, 3]], ["Intercept", "x_in_env"])
    check_nested_call()
    # passing in an explicit EvalEnvironment also works:
    e = EvalEnvironment.capture(1)
    t_invalid("~ x_in_env", {}, e, exc=(NameError, PatsyError))
    e = EvalEnvironment.capture(0)
    def check_nested_call_2():
        x_in_env = "asdf"
        t("~ x_in_env", {}, e,
          True,
          [[1, 1], [1, 2], [1, 3]], ["Intercept", "x_in_env"])
    check_nested_call_2()

def make_termlist(*entries):
    terms = []
    for entry in entries:
        terms.append(Term([LookupFactor(name) for name in entry]))
    return terms

return_type="patsy"
    )
    design_scale, design_scale_names, constraints_scale, term_names_scale = constraint_system_from_star(
        dmat=dmat_scale,
        sample_description=sample_description,
        formula=formula_scale,
        as_numeric=as_numeric,
        constraints=constraints_scale,
        return_type="patsy"
    )

    # Define indices of coefficients to test:
    constraints_loc_temp = constraints_loc if constraints_loc is not None else np.eye(design_loc.shape[-1])
    # Check that design_loc is patsy, otherwise  use term_names for slicing.
    if factor_loc_totest is not None:
        if not isinstance(design_loc, patsy.design_info.DesignMatrix):
            col_indices = np.where([
                x in factor_loc_totest
                for x in term_names_loc
            ])[0]
        else:
            # Select coefficients to test via formula model:
            col_indices = np.concatenate([
                np.arange(design_loc.shape[-1])[design_loc.design_info.slice(x)]
                for x in factor_loc_totest
            ])
        assert len(col_indices) > 0, "Could not find any matching columns!"
        if coef_to_test is not None:
            if len(factor_loc_totest) > 1:
                raise ValueError("do not set coef_to_test if more than one factor_loc_totest is given")
            samples = sample_description[factor_loc_totest].astype(type(coef_to_test)) == coef_to_test
            one_cols = np.where(design_loc[samples][:, col_indices][0] == 1)

def test_formula_likes():
    # Plain array-like, rhs only
    t([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], {}, 0,
      False,
      [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], ["x0", "x1", "x2"])
    t((None, [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]), {}, 0,
      False,
      [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], ["x0", "x1", "x2"])
    t(np.asarray([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]), {}, 0,
      False,
      [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], ["x0", "x1", "x2"])
    t((None, np.asarray([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])), {}, 0,
      False,
      [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], ["x0", "x1", "x2"])
    dm = DesignMatrix([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], default_column_prefix="foo")
    t(dm, {}, 0,
      False,
      [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], ["foo0", "foo1", "foo2"])
    t((None, dm), {}, 0,
      False,
      [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], ["foo0", "foo1", "foo2"])
      
    # Plain array-likes, lhs and rhs
    t(([1, 2], [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]), {}, 0,
      False,
      [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], ["x0", "x1", "x2"],
      [[1], [2]], ["y0"])
    t(([[1], [2]], [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]), {}, 0,
      False,
      [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], ["x0", "x1", "x2"],
      [[1], [2]], ["y0"])

def t(formula_like, data, depth,
      expect_full_designs,
      expected_rhs_values, expected_rhs_names,
      expected_lhs_values=None, expected_lhs_names=None): # pragma: no cover
    if isinstance(depth, int):
        depth += 1
    def data_iter_maker():
        return iter([data])
    if (isinstance(formula_like, six.string_types + (ModelDesc, DesignInfo))
        or (isinstance(formula_like, tuple)
            and isinstance(formula_like[0], DesignInfo))
        or hasattr(formula_like, "__patsy_get_model_desc__")):
        if expected_lhs_values is None:
            builder = incr_dbuilder(formula_like, data_iter_maker, depth)
            lhs = None
            (rhs,) = build_design_matrices([builder], data)
        else:
            builders = incr_dbuilders(formula_like, data_iter_maker, depth)
            lhs, rhs = build_design_matrices(builders, data)
        check_result(expect_full_designs, lhs, rhs, data,
                     expected_rhs_values, expected_rhs_names,
                     expected_lhs_values, expected_lhs_names)
    else:
        assert_raises(PatsyError, incr_dbuilders,
                      formula_like, data_iter_maker)
        assert_raises(PatsyError, incr_dbuilder,
                      formula_like, data_iter_maker)