To help you get started, we've collected the most common ways that hacking is being used within popular public projects.

openstack / sahara / sahara / utils / hacking / import_checks.py View on Github

third party library imports are together, and project imports are
    together

    Okay: import os\nimport sys\n\nimport six\n\nimport hacking
    Okay: import six\nimport znon_existent_package
    Okay: import os\nimport threading
    S366: import mock\nimport os
    S366: import hacking\nimport os
    S366: import hacking\nimport nonexistent
    S366: import hacking\nimport mock
    """
    if (noqa or blank_before > 0 or
            indent_level != previous_indent_level):
        return

    normalized_line = core.import_normalize(logical_line.strip()).split()
    normalized_previous = core.import_normalize(previous_logical.
                                                strip()).split()

    def compatible(previous, current):
        if previous == current:
            return True

    if normalized_line and normalized_line[0] == 'import':
        current_type = _get_import_type(normalized_line[1])
        if normalized_previous and normalized_previous[0] == 'import':
            previous_type = _get_import_type(normalized_previous[1])
            if not compatible(previous_type, current_type):
                yield(0, 'S366: imports not grouped correctly '
                      '(%s: %s, %s: %s)' %
                      (normalized_previous[1], previous_type,
                       normalized_line[1], current_type))

View more ways to use hacking

Introduction

hacking is a set of flake8 plugins that test and enforce the OpenStack StyleGuide

Hacking pins its dependencies, as a new release of some dependency can break hacking based gating jobs. This is because new versions of dependencies can introduce new rules, or make existing rules stricter.

Installation

hacking is available from pypi, so just run:

pip install hacking

This will install specific versions of flake8 with the hacking, pep8, mccabe and pyflakes plugins.

Origin

Hacking started its life out as a text file in Nova's first commit. It was initially based on the Google Python Style Guide, and over time more OpenStack specific rules were added. Hacking serves several purposes:

1. Agree on a common style guide so reviews don't get bogged down on style nit picks. (example: docstring guidelines)
2. Make code written by many different authors easier to read by making the style more uniform. (example: unix vs windows newlines)
3. Call out dangerous patterns and avoid them. (example: shadowing built-in or reserved words)

Initially the hacking style guide was enforced manually by reviewers, but this was a big waste of time so hacking, the tool, was born to automate the process and remove the extra burden from human reviewers.

Versioning

hacking uses the major.minor.maintenance release notation, where maintenance releases cannot contain new checks. This way projects can gate on hacking by pinning on the major.minor number while accepting maintenance updates without being concerned that a new version will break the gate with a new check.

For example a project can depend on hacking>=0.10.0,<0.11.0, and can know that 0.10.1 will not fail in places where 0.10.0 passed.

Adding additional checks

Each check is a pep8 plugin so read

The focus of new or changed rules should be to do one of the following

• Substantially increase the reviewability of the code (eg: H301, H303) as they make it easy to understand where symbols come from)
• Catch a common programming error that may arise in the future (H201)
• Prevent a situation that would 100% of the time be -1ed by developers (H903)

But, as always, remember that these are Guidelines. Treat them as such. There are always times for exceptions. All new rules should support noqa.

If a check needs to be staged in, or it does not apply to every project or its branch, it can be added as off by default.

Requirements

• The check must already have community support. We do not want to dictate style, only enforce it.
• The canonical source of the OpenStack Style Guidelines is StyleGuide, and hacking just enforces them; so when adding a new check, it must be in HACKING.rst
• False negatives are ok, but false positives are not
• Cannot be project specific, project specific checks should be Local Checks
• Include extensive tests
• Registered as entry_points in setup.cfg
• Error code must be in the relevant Hxxx group
• The check should not attempt to import modules from the code being checked. Importing random modules, has caused all kinds of trouble for us in the past.

Enabling off-by-default checks

Some of the available checks are disabled by default. These checks are:

• [H106] Don't put vim configuration in source files.
• [H203] Use assertIs(Not)None to check for None.
• [H204] Use assert(Not)Equal to check for equality.
• [H205] Use assert(Greater|Less)(Equal) for comparison.
• [H210] Require 'autospec', 'spec', or 'spec_set' in mock.patch/mock.patch.object calls
• [H904] Delay string interpolations at logging calls.

To enable these checks, edit the flake8 section of the tox.ini file. For example to enable H106 and H203:

[flake8]
enable-extensions = H106,H203

Local Checks

hacking supports having local changes in a source tree. They need to be registered individually in tox.ini:

Add to tox.ini a new section flake8:local-plugins and list each plugin with its entry-point. Additionally, you can add the path to the files containing the plugins so that the repository does not need to be installed with the paths directive.

[flake8:local-plugins]
extension =
  N307 = checks:import_no_db_in_virt
  N325 = checks:CheckForStrUnicodeExc
paths =
  ./nova/hacking

The plugins, in the example above they live in nova/hacking/checks.py, need to annotate all functions with @core.flake8ext

from hacking import core
...
@core.flake8ext
def import_no_db_in_virt(logical_line, filename):
    ...

class CheckForStrUnicodeExc(BaseASTChecker):
   name = "check_for_str_unicode_exc"
   version = "1.0"
   ...

Further details are part of the flake8 documentation.