How to use the werkzeug._compat.text_type function in Werkzeug

def test_redirect_no_unicode_header_keys(self):
        # Make sure all headers are native keys.  This was a bug at one point
        # due to an incorrect conversion.
        resp = utils.redirect('http://example.com/', 305)
        for key, value in resp.headers.items():
            self.assert_equal(type(key), str)
            self.assert_equal(type(value), text_type)
        self.assert_equal(resp.headers['Location'], 'http://example.com/')
        self.assert_equal(resp.status_code, 305)

if self._dialect == 'xhtml':
                        value = '="' + key + '"'
                    else:
                        value = ''
                else:
                    value = '="' + escape(value) + '"'
                buffer += ' ' + key + value
            if not children and tag in self._empty_elements:
                if self._dialect == 'xhtml':
                    buffer += ' />'
                else:
                    buffer += '>'
                return buffer
            buffer += '>'

            children_as_string = ''.join([text_type(x) for x in children
                                         if x is not None])

            if children_as_string:
                if tag in self._plaintext_elements:
                    children_as_string = escape(children_as_string)
                elif tag in self._c_like_cdata and self._dialect == 'xhtml':
                    children_as_string = '/**/'
            buffer += children_as_string + ''
            return buffer
        return proxy

def escape(s, quote=None):
    """Replace special characters "&", "<", ">" and (") to HTML-safe sequences.

    There is a special handling for `None` which escapes to an empty string.

    .. versionchanged:: 0.9
       `quote` is now implicitly on.

    :param s: the string to escape.
    :param quote: ignored.
    """
    if s is None:
        return ''
    elif hasattr(s, '__html__'):
        return text_type(s.__html__())
    elif not isinstance(s, string_types):
        s = text_type(s)
    if quote is not None:
        from warnings import warn
        warn(DeprecationWarning('quote parameter is implicit now'), stacklevel=2)
    s = s.replace('&', '&').replace('<', '<') \
        .replace('>', '>').replace('"', """)
    return s

"""Replace special characters "&", "<", ">" and (") to HTML-safe sequences.

    There is a special handling for `None` which escapes to an empty string.

    .. versionchanged:: 0.9
       `quote` is now implicitly on.

    :param s: the string to escape.
    :param quote: ignored.
    """
    if s is None:
        return ''
    elif hasattr(s, '__html__'):
        return text_type(s.__html__())
    elif not isinstance(s, string_types):
        s = text_type(s)
    if quote is not None:
        from warnings import warn
        warn(DeprecationWarning('quote parameter is implicit now'), stacklevel=2)
    s = s.replace('&', '&').replace('<', '<') \
        .replace('>', '>').replace('"', """)
    return s

def _hash_internal(method, salt, password):
    """Internal password hash helper.  Supports plaintext without salt,
    unsalted and salted passwords.  In case salted passwords are used
    hmac is used.
    """
    if method == 'plain':
        return password, method

    if isinstance(password, text_type):
        password = password.encode('utf-8')

    if method.startswith('pbkdf2:'):
        args = method[7:].split(':')
        if len(args) not in (1, 2):
            raise ValueError('Invalid number of arguments for PBKDF2')
        method = args.pop(0)
        iterations = args and int(args[0] or 0) or DEFAULT_PBKDF2_ITERATIONS
        is_pbkdf2 = True
        actual_method = 'pbkdf2:%s:%d' % (method, iterations)
    else:
        is_pbkdf2 = False
        actual_method = method

    hash_func = _hash_funcs.get(method)
    if hash_func is None:

>>> parse_dict_header('key_without_value')
    {'key_without_value': None}

    To create a header from the :class:`dict` again, use the
    :func:`dump_header` function.

    .. versionchanged:: 0.9
       Added support for `cls` argument.

    :param value: a string with a dict header.
    :param cls: callable to use for storage of parsed results.
    :return: an instance of `cls`
    """
    result = cls()
    if not isinstance(value, text_type):
        # XXX: validate
        value = bytes_to_wsgi(value)
    for item in _parse_list_header(value):
        if '=' not in item:
            result[item] = None
            continue
        name, value = item.split('=', 1)
        if value[:1] == value[-1:] == '"':
            value = unquote_header_value(value[1:-1])
        result[name] = value
    return result

def _parse_multipart(self, stream, mimetype, content_length, options):
        parser = MultiPartParser(self.stream_factory, self.charset, self.errors,
                                 max_form_memory_size=self.max_form_memory_size,
                                 cls=self.cls)
        boundary = options.get('boundary')
        if boundary is None:
            raise ValueError('Missing boundary')
        if isinstance(boundary, text_type):
            boundary = boundary.encode('ascii')
        form, files = parser.parse(stream, boundary, content_length)
        return stream, form, files

def safe_str_cmp(a, b):
    """This function compares strings in somewhat constant time.  This
    requires that the length of at least one string is known in advance.

    Returns `True` if the two strings are equal, or `False` if they are not.

    .. versionadded:: 0.7
    """
    if isinstance(a, text_type):
        a = a.encode('utf-8')
    if isinstance(b, text_type):
        b = b.encode('utf-8')

    if _builtin_safe_str_cmp is not None:
        return _builtin_safe_str_cmp(a, b)

    if len(a) != len(b):
        return False

    rv = 0
    if PY2:
        for x, y in izip(a, b):
            rv |= ord(x) ^ ord(y)
    else:
        for x, y in izip(a, b):
            rv |= x ^ y

if fn[-4:] in ('.pyo', '.pyc'):
            fn = fn[:-1]
        # if it's a file on the file system resolve the real filename.
        if os.path.isfile(fn):
            fn = os.path.realpath(fn)
        self.filename = to_unicode(fn, get_filesystem_encoding())
        self.module = self.globals.get('__name__')
        self.loader = self.globals.get('__loader__')
        self.code = tb.tb_frame.f_code

        # support for paste's traceback extensions
        self.hide = self.locals.get('__traceback_hide__', False)
        info = self.locals.get('__traceback_info__')
        if info is not None:
            try:
                info = text_type(info)
            except UnicodeError:
                info = str(info).decode('utf-8', 'replace')
        self.info = info

def _pythonize(value):
    if value in _PYTHON_CONSTANTS:
        return _PYTHON_CONSTANTS[value]
    for convert in int, float:
        try:
            return convert(value)
        except ValueError:
            pass
    if value[:1] == value[-1:] and value[0] in '"\'':
        value = value[1:-1]
    return text_type(value)