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Overview

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Uncontrolled Recursion via the ClassUtils.getClass function. An attacker can cause the application to terminate unexpectedly by providing excessively long input values.

Remediation

Upgrade org.apache.commons:commons-lang3 to version 3.18.0 or higher.

References

• Apache Pony Mail
• GitHub Commit

Overview

org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core is a Core Tomcat implementation.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Improper Authentication in the EncryptionInterceptor process of the cluster component. An attacker can gain unauthorized access or perform unauthorized actions by replaying previously captured authentication data.

Remediation

Upgrade org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core to version 9.0.119, 10.1.56, 11.0.23 or higher.

References

• Apache Mailing List
• Apache Tomcat Advisory
• Apache Tomcat Advisory
• GitHub Commit
• GitHub Commit
• GitHub Commit

Overview

org.lz4:lz4-java is a Java port of the LZ4 compression algorithm and the xxHash hashing algorithm.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Out-of-bounds Read due to the use of the insecure LZ4_decompress_fast in the underlying lz4 library, which lacks bounds checks. An attacker can cause denial of service or access sensitive memory contents by providing specially crafted compressed input.

Workaround

• Applications using LZ4Factory.nativeInstance() in conjunction with .fastDecompressor() can switch to .safeInstance() or .safeDecompressor().
• Applications using LZ4Factory.unsafeInstance(), .fastestInstance() or .fastestJavaInstance() can switch to .safeInstance().

Notes

• The official org.lz4:lz4-java library has not been patched and the project is discontinued.

• org.lz4:lz4-java:1.8.1 relocates the pacakge to at.yawk.lz4:lz4-java, which is a community-maintained fork of the library that fixes this vulnerability.

Remediation

Upgrade org.lz4:lz4-java to version 1.8.1 or higher.

References

• GitHub Commit
• GitHub Release
• Vulnerability Report

Overview

com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-core is a Core Jackson abstractions, basic JSON streaming API implementation

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling in which the non-blocking async JSON parser can be made to bypass the maxNumberLength constraint (default: 1000 characters) defined in StreamReadConstraints. An attacker can cause excessive memory allocation and CPU exhaustion by submitting JSON documents containing extremely long numeric values through the asynchronous parser interface.

PoC

The following JUnit 5 test demonstrates the vulnerability. It shows that the async parser accepts a 5,000-digit number, whereas the limit should be 1,000.

package tools.jackson.core.unittest.dos;

import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

import tools.jackson.core.*;
import tools.jackson.core.exc.StreamConstraintsException;
import tools.jackson.core.json.JsonFactory;
import tools.jackson.core.json.async.NonBlockingByteArrayJsonParser;

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;

/**
 * POC: Number Length Constraint Bypass in Non-Blocking (Async) JSON Parsers
 *
 * Authors: sprabhav7, rohan-repos
 * 
 * maxNumberLength default = 1000 characters (digits).
 * A number with more than 1000 digits should be rejected by any parser.
 *
 * BUG: The async parser never calls resetInt()/resetFloat() which is where
 * validateIntegerLength()/validateFPLength() lives. Instead it calls
 * _valueComplete() which skips all number length validation.
 *
 * CWE-770: Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling
 */
class AsyncParserNumberLengthBypassTest {

    private static final int MAX_NUMBER_LENGTH = 1000;
    private static final int TEST_NUMBER_LENGTH = 5000;

    private final JsonFactory factory = new JsonFactory();

    // CONTROL: Sync parser correctly rejects a number exceeding maxNumberLength
    @Test
    void syncParserRejectsLongNumber() throws Exception {
        byte[] payload = buildPayloadWithLongInteger(TEST_NUMBER_LENGTH);
        
        // Output to console
        System.out.println("[SYNC] Parsing " + TEST_NUMBER_LENGTH + "-digit number (limit: " + MAX_NUMBER_LENGTH + ")");
        try {
            try (JsonParser p = factory.createParser(ObjectReadContext.empty(), payload)) {
                while (p.nextToken() != null) {
                    if (p.currentToken() == JsonToken.VALUE_NUMBER_INT) {
                        System.out.println("[SYNC] Accepted number with " + p.getText().length() + " digits — UNEXPECTED");
                    }
                }
            }
            fail("Sync parser must reject a " + TEST_NUMBER_LENGTH + "-digit number");
        } catch (StreamConstraintsException e) {
            System.out.println("[SYNC] Rejected with StreamConstraintsException: " + e.getMessage());
        }
    }

    // VULNERABILITY: Async parser accepts the SAME number that sync rejects
    @Test
    void asyncParserAcceptsLongNumber() throws Exception {
        byte[] payload = buildPayloadWithLongInteger(TEST_NUMBER_LENGTH);

        NonBlockingByteArrayJsonParser p =
            (NonBlockingByteArrayJsonParser) factory.createNonBlockingByteArrayParser(ObjectReadContext.empty());
        p.feedInput(payload, 0, payload.length);
        p.endOfInput();

        boolean foundNumber = false;
        try {
            while (p.nextToken() != null) {
                if (p.currentToken() == JsonToken.VALUE_NUMBER_INT) {
                    foundNumber = true;
                    String numberText = p.getText();
                    assertEquals(TEST_NUMBER_LENGTH, numberText.length(),
                        "Async parser silently accepted all " + TEST_NUMBER_LENGTH + " digits");
                }
            }
            // Output to console
            System.out.println("[ASYNC INT] Accepted number with " + TEST_NUMBER_LENGTH + " digits — BUG CONFIRMED");
            assertTrue(foundNumber, "Parser should have produced a VALUE_NUMBER_INT token");
        } catch (StreamConstraintsException e) {
            fail("Bug is fixed — async parser now correctly rejects long numbers: " + e.getMessage());
        }
        p.close();
    }

    private byte[] buildPayloadWithLongInteger(int numDigits) {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(numDigits + 10);
        sb.append("{\"v\":");
        for (int i = 0; i < numDigits; i++) {
            sb.append((char) ('1' + (i % 9)));
        }
        sb.append('}');
        return sb.toString().getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
    }
}

Details

Denial of Service (DoS) describes a family of attacks, all aimed at making a system inaccessible to its intended and legitimate users.

Unlike other vulnerabilities, DoS attacks usually do not aim at breaching security. Rather, they are focused on making websites and services unavailable to genuine users resulting in downtime.

One popular Denial of Service vulnerability is DDoS (a Distributed Denial of Service), an attack that attempts to clog network pipes to the system by generating a large volume of traffic from many machines.

When it comes to open source libraries, DoS vulnerabilities allow attackers to trigger such a crash or crippling of the service by using a flaw either in the application code or from the use of open source libraries.

Two common types of DoS vulnerabilities:

• High CPU/Memory Consumption- An attacker sending crafted requests that could cause the system to take a disproportionate amount of time to process. For example, commons-fileupload:commons-fileupload.

• Crash - An attacker sending crafted requests that could cause the system to crash. For Example, npm ws package

Remediation

Upgrade com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-core to version 2.18.6, 2.21.1 or higher.

References

• GitHub Advisory
• GitHub Commit
• GitHub PR

Overview

com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-core is a Core Jackson abstractions, basic JSON streaming API implementation

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling in the enforcement of document length constraints in blocking, async, and DataInput parser processes. An attacker can cause excessive resource consumption by submitting oversized JSON documents that bypass configured size limits.

Remediation

Upgrade com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-core to version 2.18.7, 2.21.2 or higher.

References

• GitHub Commit
• GitHub Commit
• GitHub Issue
• Maintainer's Advisory

Overview

com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-core is a Core Jackson abstractions, basic JSON streaming API implementation

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) due to missing input size validation when performing numeric type conversions. A remote attacker can exploit this vulnerability by causing the application to deserialize data containing certain numeric types with large values, causing the application to exhaust all available resources.

Details

Denial of Service (DoS) describes a family of attacks, all aimed at making a system inaccessible to its intended and legitimate users.

Unlike other vulnerabilities, DoS attacks usually do not aim at breaching security. Rather, they are focused on making websites and services unavailable to genuine users resulting in downtime.

One popular Denial of Service vulnerability is DDoS (a Distributed Denial of Service), an attack that attempts to clog network pipes to the system by generating a large volume of traffic from many machines.

When it comes to open source libraries, DoS vulnerabilities allow attackers to trigger such a crash or crippling of the service by using a flaw either in the application code or from the use of open source libraries.

Two common types of DoS vulnerabilities:

• High CPU/Memory Consumption- An attacker sending crafted requests that could cause the system to take a disproportionate amount of time to process. For example, commons-fileupload:commons-fileupload.

• Crash - An attacker sending crafted requests that could cause the system to crash. For Example, npm ws package

Remediation

Upgrade com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-core to version 2.15.0-rc1 or higher.

References

• GitHub Commit
• GitHub Issue
• GitHub PR

Overview

com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-core is a Core Jackson abstractions, basic JSON streaming API implementation

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Stack-based Buffer Overflow due to the parse process, which accepts an unlimited input file with deeply nested data. An attacker can cause a stack overflow and crash the application by providing input files with excessively deep nesting.

Remediation

Upgrade com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-core to version 2.15.0-rc1 or higher.

References

• GitHub Commit
• GitHub PR

Overview

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling via the W3CBaggagePropagator() function. An attacker can cause excessive memory allocation and CPU consumption by sending oversized baggage data, which is automatically re-injected into every outgoing request and can impact downstream services.

Remediation

Upgrade io.opentelemetry:opentelemetry-api to version 1.62.0 or higher.

References

• GitHub Advisory
• GitHub Commit
• GitHub PR
• GitHub Release

Overview

org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core is a Core Tomcat implementation.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Detection of Error Condition Without Action due to improper handling of invalid certificate revocation list (CRL) configurations in the FFM connector. An attacker can bypass intended certificate validation by supplying an invalid CRL configuration.

Remediation

Upgrade org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core to version 9.0.119, 10.1.56, 11.0.23 or higher.

References

• Apache Mailing List
• Apache Tomcat Advisory
• Apache Tomcat Advisory
• Apache Tomcat Advisory
• GitHub Commit
• GitHub Commit
• GitHub Commit

Overview

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm due to the generateCTR process in G3413CTRBlockCipher. An attacker can recover relationships between encrypted plaintext blocks by driving the cipher past its counter range and causing the counter to wrap, which makes the stream repeat and produces identical ciphertext for different blocks. This breaks the confidentiality of data protected with G3413CTRBlockCipher and can expose plaintext patterns or allow plaintext recovery when the same key and IV are reused across enough blocks.

Remediation

Upgrade org.bouncycastle:bcprov-jdk18on to version 1.84 or higher.

References

• GitHub Commit
• GitHub Commit
• GitHub Wiki

Overview

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling due to the lack of enforced limits in the parser when processing JSON input. An attacker can cause excessive CPU and memory consumption by submitting very large or deeply nested JSON documents, potentially leading to resource exhaustion and service unavailability.

Remediation

Upgrade org.eclipse.parsson:parsson to version 1.1.8 or higher.

References

• GitHub Commit
• GitHub PR
• GitLab Work Item
• Red Hat Bugzilla Bug

Overview

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Timing Attack through the sample and sample_matrix functions in FrodoEngine.java. An attacker can recover information about the sampled noise values by observing how long Frodo key generation or encapsulation takes when it processes attacker-influenced inputs. The variable-time comparison and sign handling in the error sampler leak the distribution of the generated samples, weakening the secrecy of the private Frodo noise and enabling key-recovery attacks against affected deployments.

Remediation

Upgrade org.bouncycastle:bcprov-jdk18on to version 1.84 or higher.

References

• GitHub Commit
• GitHub Wiki

Overview

org.lz4:lz4-java is a Java port of the LZ4 compression algorithm and the xxHash hashing algorithm.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Insertion of Sensitive Information Into Sent Data in the decompression process when the output buffer is reused without being cleared. An attacker can access sensitive information from previous buffer contents by providing crafted compressed input.

Note:

• JNI implementations are not vulnerable.
• LZ4Factory.safeInstance(), LZ4Factory.unsafeInstance(), and LZ4Factory.fastestJavaInstance() are all vulnerable.
• nativeInstance().fastDecompressor() is vulnerable but nativeInstance().safeDecompressor() is not.
• This vulnerability is distinct from the one described in CVE-2025-12183, and was discovered during follow-up research.

Workaround

This vulnerability can be mitigated by zeroing the output buffer before passing it to the decompression function.

Remediation

There is no fixed version for org.lz4:lz4-java.

References

• GitHub Commit

Overview

org.postgresql:postgresql is a Java JDBC 4.2 (JRE 8+) driver for PostgreSQL database.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Incorrect Implementation of Authentication Algorithm in the ScramAuthenticator class, which fails open by confirming only that the server advertised a -PLUS mechanism while neither rejecting an empty channel binding nor verifying that the negotiated mechanism actually uses channel binding. An attacker intercepting the TLS connection can strip the MitM protection that channelBinding=require is meant to guarantee, downgrading authentication from SCRAM-SHA-256-PLUS to plain SCRAM-SHA-256, by presenting a certificate with a signature algorithm such as Ed25519, Ed448, or a post-quantum scheme that makes the bundled scram-client return an empty binding instead of failing. This affects only connections that explicitly set channelBinding=require, since the default prefer policy documents fallback as expected behavior.

Workaround

This vulnerability can be avoided by configuring the connection with sslmode=verify-full and a restrictive truststore, which provides equivalent MitM protection independent of channel binding.

Remediation

Upgrade org.postgresql:postgresql to version 42.7.12 or higher.

References

• GitHub Advisory
• GitHub Commit
• GitHub Release

Overview

org.apache.logging.log4j:log4j-core is a logging library for Java.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output in the XmlLayout plugin. An attacker can cause log events to be silently lost or malformed by injecting XML 1.0 forbidden characters into log messages or MDC values. This may result in malformed XML output, which can cause downstream log-processing systems to drop affected records or prevent log events from being delivered to their intended destinations.

Remediation

A fix was pushed into the master branch but not yet published.

References

• Apache Mailing List
• Apache Security Advisory
• GitHub Commit
• GitHub PR

Overview

org.apache.logging.log4j:log4j-core is a logging library for Java.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output in the Log4j1XmlLayout plugin. An attacker can cause log events to be silently lost or downstream log processing systems to drop or fail to index affected records by introducing XML 1.0 forbidden characters into log messages, resulting in malformed XML output that conforming XML parsers reject with a fatal error.

Remediation

A fix was pushed into the master branch but not yet published.

References

• Apache Mailing List
• Apache Security Advisory
• GitHub Commit
• GitHub PR

Overview

ch.qos.logback:logback-classic is a reliable, generic, fast and flexible logging library for Java.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS). An attacker can mount a denial-of-service attack by sending poisoned data. This is only exploitable if logback receiver component is deployed.

Details

Denial of Service (DoS) describes a family of attacks, all aimed at making a system inaccessible to its intended and legitimate users.

Unlike other vulnerabilities, DoS attacks usually do not aim at breaching security. Rather, they are focused on making websites and services unavailable to genuine users resulting in downtime.

One popular Denial of Service vulnerability is DDoS (a Distributed Denial of Service), an attack that attempts to clog network pipes to the system by generating a large volume of traffic from many machines.

When it comes to open source libraries, DoS vulnerabilities allow attackers to trigger such a crash or crippling of the service by using a flaw either in the application code or from the use of open source libraries.

Two common types of DoS vulnerabilities:

• High CPU/Memory Consumption- An attacker sending crafted requests that could cause the system to take a disproportionate amount of time to process. For example, commons-fileupload:commons-fileupload.

• Crash - An attacker sending crafted requests that could cause the system to crash. For Example, npm ws package

Remediation

Upgrade ch.qos.logback:logback-classic to version 1.2.13, 1.3.12, 1.4.12 or higher.

References

• Changelog
• GitHub Commit
• GitHub Commit
• GitHub Commit

Overview

ch.qos.logback:logback-classic is a reliable, generic, fast and flexible logging library for Java.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Uncontrolled Resource Consumption ('Resource Exhaustion') via the logback receiver component. An attacker can mount a denial-of-service attack by sending poisoned data.

Note:

Successful exploitation requires the logback-receiver component being enabled and also reachable by the attacker.

Remediation

Upgrade ch.qos.logback:logback-classic to version 1.2.13, 1.3.14, 1.4.14 or higher.

References

• GitHub Commit
• GitHub Commit
• GitHub Commit
• Release Notes
• Release Notes

Overview

ch.qos.logback:logback-core is a logback-core module.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS). An attacker can mount a denial-of-service attack by sending poisoned data. This is only exploitable if logback receiver component is deployed.

Details

Denial of Service (DoS) describes a family of attacks, all aimed at making a system inaccessible to its intended and legitimate users.

Unlike other vulnerabilities, DoS attacks usually do not aim at breaching security. Rather, they are focused on making websites and services unavailable to genuine users resulting in downtime.

One popular Denial of Service vulnerability is DDoS (a Distributed Denial of Service), an attack that attempts to clog network pipes to the system by generating a large volume of traffic from many machines.

When it comes to open source libraries, DoS vulnerabilities allow attackers to trigger such a crash or crippling of the service by using a flaw either in the application code or from the use of open source libraries.

Two common types of DoS vulnerabilities:

• High CPU/Memory Consumption- An attacker sending crafted requests that could cause the system to take a disproportionate amount of time to process. For example, commons-fileupload:commons-fileupload.

• Crash - An attacker sending crafted requests that could cause the system to crash. For Example, npm ws package

Remediation

Upgrade ch.qos.logback:logback-core to version 1.2.13, 1.3.12, 1.4.12 or higher.

References

• Changelog
• GitHub Commit
• GitHub Commit
• GitHub Commit

Overview

ch.qos.logback:logback-core is a logback-core module.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Uncontrolled Resource Consumption ('Resource Exhaustion') via the logback receiver component. An attacker can mount a denial-of-service attack by sending poisoned data.

Note:

Successful exploitation requires the logback-receiver component being enabled and also reachable by the attacker.

Remediation

Upgrade ch.qos.logback:logback-core to version 1.2.13, 1.3.14, 1.4.14 or higher.

References

• GitHub Commit
• GitHub Commit
• GitHub Commit
• Release Notes
• Release Notes

Overview

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling due to the lack of enforced limits in the HPackDecoder process. An attacker can exhaust system memory by sending oversized compressed header blocks before the HTTP/2 SETTINGS acknowledgement applies the configured header list size limit.

Remediation

Upgrade org.apache.httpcomponents.core5:httpcore5-h2 to version 5.4.3, 5.5-beta2 or higher.

References

• Apache Mailing List
• GitHub Commit

Overview

org.elasticsearch:elasticsearch is a Distributed, RESTful Search Engine.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Uncontrolled Recursion in the query processing. An authenticated attacker can submit a specially crafted query that causes excessive resource consumption during processing, which may render the affected node unavailable.

Remediation

Upgrade org.elasticsearch:elasticsearch to version 8.19.17, 9.3.6, 9.4.3 or higher.

References

• Elastic Advisory

Overview

ch.qos.logback:logback-core is a logback-core module.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Expression Injection in the Janino-evaluated condition attribute of <if> configuration elements, handled by IfModelHandler, whose denylist blocked only the literal new operator. A user who can modify the logback configuration can execute arbitrary code by writing an <if> condition that evades that denylist, either through references it did not cover such as Runtime or springframework, or through Unicode escape sequences like \u that reconstruct the blocked new operator. Exploitation requires write access to the logback configuration and the use of conditional <if> processing with Janino present on the classpath.

Remediation

Upgrade ch.qos.logback:logback-core to version 1.5.36 or higher.

References

• GitHub Commit
• GitHub Commit
• Release Notes

AGPL-3.0 license

AGPL-3.0 license

AGPL-3.0 license

AGPL-3.0 license

AGPL-3.0 license

AGPL-3.0 license

AGPL-3.0 license