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Overview

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling in formparser.MultiPartParser(). An attacker can cause the parser to consume more memory than the upload size, in excess of max_form_memory_size, by sending malicious data in a non-file field of a multipart/form-data request.

Remediation

Upgrade werkzeug to version 3.0.6 or higher.

References

• GitHub Commit
• GitHub Commit
• GitHub Release

Overview

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Directory Traversal through the ‎PackageIndex._download_url method. Due to insufficient sanitization of special characters, an attacker can write files to arbitrary locations on the filesystem with the permissions of the process running the Python code. In certain scenarios, an attacker could potentially escalate to remote code execution by leveraging malicious URLs present in a package index.

PoC

python poc.py
# Payload file: http://localhost:8000/%2fhome%2fuser%2f.ssh%2fauthorized_keys
# Written to: /home/user/.ssh/authorized_keys

Details

A Directory Traversal attack (also known as path traversal) aims to access files and directories that are stored outside the intended folder. By manipulating files with "dot-dot-slash (../)" sequences and its variations, or by using absolute file paths, it may be possible to access arbitrary files and directories stored on file system, including application source code, configuration, and other critical system files.

Directory Traversal vulnerabilities can be generally divided into two types:

• Information Disclosure: Allows the attacker to gain information about the folder structure or read the contents of sensitive files on the system.

st is a module for serving static files on web pages, and contains a vulnerability of this type. In our example, we will serve files from the public route.

If an attacker requests the following URL from our server, it will in turn leak the sensitive private key of the root user.

curl http://localhost:8080/public/%2e%2e/%2e%2e/%2e%2e/%2e%2e/%2e%2e/root/.ssh/id_rsa

Note %2e is the URL encoded version of . (dot).

• Writing arbitrary files: Allows the attacker to create or replace existing files. This type of vulnerability is also known as Zip-Slip.

One way to achieve this is by using a malicious zip archive that holds path traversal filenames. When each filename in the zip archive gets concatenated to the target extraction folder, without validation, the final path ends up outside of the target folder. If an executable or a configuration file is overwritten with a file containing malicious code, the problem can turn into an arbitrary code execution issue quite easily.

The following is an example of a zip archive with one benign file and one malicious file. Extracting the malicious file will result in traversing out of the target folder, ending up in /root/.ssh/ overwriting the authorized_keys file:

2018-04-15 22:04:29 .....           19           19  good.txt
2018-04-15 22:04:42 .....           20           20  ../../../../../../root/.ssh/authorized_keys

Remediation

Upgrade setuptools to version 78.1.1 or higher.

References

• GitHub Commit
• GitHub Issue
• Vulnerable Code

Overview

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity in multipart data parsing. An attacker can cause a denial of service and block worker processes from handling legitimate requests by sending crafted multipart data to an endpoint that will parse it, eventually exhausting or killing all available workers.

Exploiting this vulnerability is possible if the uploaded file starts with CR or LF and is followed by megabytes of data without these characters.

Remediation

Upgrade werkzeug to version 2.3.8, 3.0.1 or higher.

References

• GitHub Commit
• GitHub Commit

Overview

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Improper Certificate Validation through the NameChain DNS verification logic in src/rust/cryptography-x509-verification. An attacker can make a peer name, such as bar.example.com, validate against a wildcard leaf certificate like *.example.com even when an issuing certificate in the chain excludes that DNS subtree, causing improper certificate acceptance.

Notes

• The flaw affects X.509 path validation when DNS name constraints are present, and the leaf certificate uses a wildcard DNS SAN.
• The maintainers note that ordinary X.509 topologies, including those used by the Web PKI, are not affected, and exploitation requires an uncommon certificate hierarchy.

Remediation

Upgrade cryptography to version 46.0.6 or higher.

References

• GitHub Commit
• Maintainer's Advisory

Overview

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Not Failing Securely ('Failing Open') via the set_tlsext_servername_callback function. An attacker can bypass security-sensitive checks by causing an unhandled exception in the callback, which results in the connection being accepted. If a user was relying on this callback for any security-sensitive behavior, this could allow bypassing it.

Remediation

Upgrade pyopenssl to version 26.0.0 or higher.

References

• GitHub ChangeLog
• GitHub Commit

Overview

Werkzeug is a WSGI web application library.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Directory Traversal due to a bypass for os.path.isabs(), which allows the improper handling of UNC paths beginning with /, in the safe_join() function. This allows an attacker to read some files on the affected server, if they are stored in an affected path.

Note: This is only exploitable on Windows systems using Python versions prior to 3.11.

Details

A Directory Traversal attack (also known as path traversal) aims to access files and directories that are stored outside the intended folder. By manipulating files with "dot-dot-slash (../)" sequences and its variations, or by using absolute file paths, it may be possible to access arbitrary files and directories stored on file system, including application source code, configuration, and other critical system files.

Directory Traversal vulnerabilities can be generally divided into two types:

• Information Disclosure: Allows the attacker to gain information about the folder structure or read the contents of sensitive files on the system.

st is a module for serving static files on web pages, and contains a vulnerability of this type. In our example, we will serve files from the public route.

If an attacker requests the following URL from our server, it will in turn leak the sensitive private key of the root user.

curl http://localhost:8080/public/%2e%2e/%2e%2e/%2e%2e/%2e%2e/%2e%2e/root/.ssh/id_rsa

Note %2e is the URL encoded version of . (dot).

• Writing arbitrary files: Allows the attacker to create or replace existing files. This type of vulnerability is also known as Zip-Slip.

One way to achieve this is by using a malicious zip archive that holds path traversal filenames. When each filename in the zip archive gets concatenated to the target extraction folder, without validation, the final path ends up outside of the target folder. If an executable or a configuration file is overwritten with a file containing malicious code, the problem can turn into an arbitrary code execution issue quite easily.

The following is an example of a zip archive with one benign file and one malicious file. Extracting the malicious file will result in traversing out of the target folder, ending up in /root/.ssh/ overwriting the authorized_keys file:

2018-04-15 22:04:29 .....           19           19  good.txt
2018-04-15 22:04:42 .....           20           20  ../../../../../../root/.ssh/authorized_keys

Remediation

Upgrade Werkzeug to version 3.0.6 or higher.

References

• GitHub Commit

Overview

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Improper Handling of Windows Device Names via the safe_join function. An attacker can cause the application to hang indefinitely by requesting a path ending with a Windows special device name, e.g. CON or NUL.

Note: This is only vulnerable on Windows, where special device names are implicitly present in every directory.

Remediation

Upgrade werkzeug to version 3.1.4 or higher.

References

• GitHub Commit

Overview

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Improper Handling of Windows Device Names via the safe_join() function, which permits path segments containing Windows special device names with file extensions or trailing spaces. An attacker can access unintended files or devices by crafting malicious path inputs.

Note:

This issues exists due to the incomplete fix for CVE-2025-66221 that failed to account for compound extensions such as CON.txt.html or trailing spaces.

Remediation

Upgrade werkzeug to version 3.1.5 or higher.

References

• GitHub Commit

Overview

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Improper Handling of Windows Device Names via the safe_join function. An attacker can cause the application to hang indefinitely by requesting a path ending with a Windows special device name.

Notes:

1. This is only vulnerable on Windows, where special device names are implicitly present in every directory;

2. This is a bypass of CVE-2025-66221, as the added filtering failed to account for the fact that safe_join accepts paths with multiple segments, such as example/NUL.

Remediation

Upgrade werkzeug to version 3.1.6 or higher.

References

• GitHub Commit
• GitHub Release

Overview

urllib3 is a HTTP library with thread-safe connection pooling, file post, and more.

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Open Redirect due to the retries parameter being ignored during PoolManager instantiation. An attacker can access unintended resources or endpoints by leveraging automatic redirects when the application expects redirects to be disabled at the connection pool level.

Note:

requests and botocore users are not affected.

Workaround

This can be mitigated by disabling redirects at the request() level instead of the PoolManager() level.

Remediation

Upgrade urllib3 to version 2.5.0 or higher.

References

• GitHub Commit

Overview

Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) via crafted HTML package or custom PackageIndex page.

Note:

Only a small portion of the user base is impacted by this flaw. Setuptools maintainers pointed out that package_index is deprecated (not formally, but “in spirit”) and the vulnerability isn't reachable through standard, recommended workflows.

Details

Denial of Service (DoS) describes a family of attacks, all aimed at making a system inaccessible to its original and legitimate users. There are many types of DoS attacks, ranging from trying to clog the network pipes to the system by generating a large volume of traffic from many machines (a Distributed Denial of Service - DDoS - attack) to sending crafted requests that cause a system to crash or take a disproportional amount of time to process.

The Regular expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) is a type of Denial of Service attack. Regular expressions are incredibly powerful, but they aren't very intuitive and can ultimately end up making it easy for attackers to take your site down.

Let’s take the following regular expression as an example:

regex = /A(B|C+)+D/

This regular expression accomplishes the following:

• A The string must start with the letter 'A'
• (B|C+)+ The string must then follow the letter A with either the letter 'B' or some number of occurrences of the letter 'C' (the + matches one or more times). The + at the end of this section states that we can look for one or more matches of this section.
• D Finally, we ensure this section of the string ends with a 'D'

The expression would match inputs such as ABBD, ABCCCCD, ABCBCCCD and ACCCCCD

It most cases, it doesn't take very long for a regex engine to find a match:

$ time node -e '/A(B|C+)+D/.test("ACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCD")'
0.04s user 0.01s system 95% cpu 0.052 total

$ time node -e '/A(B|C+)+D/.test("ACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCX")'
1.79s user 0.02s system 99% cpu 1.812 total

The entire process of testing it against a 30 characters long string takes around ~52ms. But when given an invalid string, it takes nearly two seconds to complete the test, over ten times as long as it took to test a valid string. The dramatic difference is due to the way regular expressions get evaluated.

Most Regex engines will work very similarly (with minor differences). The engine will match the first possible way to accept the current character and proceed to the next one. If it then fails to match the next one, it will backtrack and see if there was another way to digest the previous character. If it goes too far down the rabbit hole only to find out the string doesn’t match in the end, and if many characters have multiple valid regex paths, the number of backtracking steps can become very large, resulting in what is known as catastrophic backtracking.

Let's look at how our expression runs into this problem, using a shorter string: "ACCCX". While it seems fairly straightforward, there are still four different ways that the engine could match those three C's:

1. CCC
2. CC+C
3. C+CC
4. C+C+C.

The engine has to try each of those combinations to see if any of them potentially match against the expression. When you combine that with the other steps the engine must take, we can use RegEx 101 debugger to see the engine has to take a total of 38 steps before it can determine the string doesn't match.

From there, the number of steps the engine must use to validate a string just continues to grow.

By the time the string includes 14 C's, the engine has to take over 65,000 steps just to see if the string is valid. These extreme situations can cause them to work very slowly (exponentially related to input size, as shown above), allowing an attacker to exploit this and can cause the service to excessively consume CPU, resulting in a Denial of Service.

Remediation

Upgrade setuptools to version 65.5.1 or higher.

References

• GitHub Commit
• GitHub Issue
• GitHub Release
• Pyup Blog
• Vulnerable Code

LGPL-2.1 license

MPL-2.0 license