How to use the markupsafe._compat.text_type function in MarkupSafe

def test_adding(self):
        # adding two strings should escape the unsafe one
        unsafe = ''
        safe = Markup('<em>username</em>')
        assert unsafe + safe == text_type(escape(unsafe)) + text_type(safe)

def escape(s):
    """Convert the characters &, <, >, ' and " in string s to HTML-safe
    sequences.  Use this if you need to display text that might contain
    such characters in HTML.  Marks return value as markup string.
    """
    if hasattr(s, '__html__'):
        return s.__html__()
    return Markup(text_type(s)
        .replace('&', '&')
        .replace('>', '>')
        .replace('<', '<')
        .replace("'", ''')
        .replace('"', '"')
    )

def soft_unicode(s):
    """Make a string unicode if it isn't already.  That way a markup
    string is not converted back to unicode.
    """
    if not isinstance(s, text_type):
        s = text_type(s)
    return s

def __new__(cls, base=u'', encoding=None, errors='strict'):
        if hasattr(base, '__html__'):
            base = base.__html__()
        if encoding is None:
            return text_type.__new__(cls, base)
        return text_type.__new__(cls, base, encoding, errors)

def format_field(self, value, format_spec):
            if hasattr(value, '__html_format__'):
                rv = value.__html_format__(format_spec)
            elif hasattr(value, '__html__'):
                if format_spec:
                    raise ValueError('No format specification allowed '
                                     'when formatting an object with '
                                     'its __html__ method.')
                rv = value.__html__()
            else:
                rv = string.Formatter.format_field(self, value, format_spec)
            return text_type(self.escape(rv))

u'Main \xbb <em>About</em>'
        """
        from markupsafe._constants import HTML_ENTITIES
        def handle_match(m):
            name = m.group(1)
            if name in HTML_ENTITIES:
                return unichr(HTML_ENTITIES[name])
            try:
                if name[:2] in ('#x', '#X'):
                    return unichr(int(name[2:], 16))
                elif name.startswith('#'):
                    return unichr(int(name[1:]))
            except ValueError:
                pass
            return u''
        return _entity_re.sub(handle_match, text_type(self))

def soft_unicode(s):
    """Make a string unicode if it isn't already.  That way a markup
    string is not converted back to unicode.
    """
    if not isinstance(s, text_type):
        s = text_type(s)
    return s

def format_field(self, value, format_spec):
            if hasattr(value, '__html_format__'):
                rv = value.__html_format__(format_spec)
            elif hasattr(value, '__html__'):
                if format_spec:
                    raise ValueError('No format specification allowed '
                                     'when formatting an object with '
                                     'its __html__ method.')
                rv = value.__html__()
            else:
                rv = string.Formatter.format_field(self, value, format_spec)
            return text_type(self.escape(rv))

def escape(s):
    """Convert the characters &, <, >, ' and " in string s to HTML-safe
    sequences.  Use this if you need to display text that might contain
    such characters in HTML.  Marks return value as markup string.
    """
    if hasattr(s, '__html__'):
        return s.__html__()
    return Markup(text_type(s)
        .replace('&', '&')
        .replace('>', '>')
        .replace('<', '<')
        .replace("'", ''')
        .replace('"', '"')
    )