How to use the jinja2._compat.text_type function in Jinja2

def test_lower(value):
    """Return true if the variable is lowercased."""
    return text_type(value).islower()

def test_string_literal_var(env):
    t = env.from_string("[{{ 'all' }}]")
    result = t.render()
    assert isinstance(result, text_type)
    assert result == "[all]"

value = imap(make_attrgetter(eval_ctx.environment, attribute), value)

    # no automatic escaping?  joining is a lot eaiser then
    if not eval_ctx.autoescape:
        return text_type(d).join(imap(text_type, value))

    # if the delimiter doesn't have an html representation we check
    # if any of the items has.  If yes we do a coercion to Markup
    if not hasattr(d, '__html__'):
        value = list(value)
        do_escape = False
        for idx, item in enumerate(value):
            if hasattr(item, '__html__'):
                do_escape = True
            else:
                value[idx] = text_type(item)
        if do_escape:
            d = escape(d)
        else:
            d = text_type(d)
        return d.join(value)

    # no html involved, to normal joining
    return soft_unicode(d).join(imap(soft_unicode, value))

def preprocess(self, source, name=None, filename=None):
        """Preprocesses the source with all extensions.  This is automatically
        called for all parsing and compiling methods but *not* for :meth:`lex`
        because there you usually only want the actual source tokenized.
        """
        return reduce(lambda s, e: e.preprocess(s, name, filename),
                      self.iter_extensions(), text_type(source))

def unicode_join(seq):
    """Simple args to unicode conversion and concatenation."""
    return concat(imap(text_type, seq))

It is also possible to join certain attributes of an object:

    .. sourcecode:: jinja

        {{ users|join(', ', attribute='username') }}

    .. versionadded:: 2.6
       The `attribute` parameter was added.
    """
    if attribute is not None:
        value = imap(make_attrgetter(eval_ctx.environment, attribute), value)

    # no automatic escaping?  joining is a lot eaiser then
    if not eval_ctx.autoescape:
        return text_type(d).join(imap(text_type, value))

    # if the delimiter doesn't have an html representation we check
    # if any of the items has.  If yes we do a coercion to Markup
    if not hasattr(d, '__html__'):
        value = list(value)
        do_escape = False
        for idx, item in enumerate(value):
            if hasattr(item, '__html__'):
                do_escape = True
            else:
                value[idx] = text_type(item)
        if do_escape:
            d = escape(d)
        else:
            d = text_type(d)
        return d.join(value)

def unicode_urlencode(obj, charset='utf-8', for_qs=False):
    """URL escapes a single bytestring or unicode string with the
    given charset if applicable to URL safe quoting under all rules
    that need to be considered under all supported Python versions.

    If non strings are provided they are converted to their unicode
    representation first.
    """
    if not isinstance(obj, string_types):
        obj = text_type(obj)
    if isinstance(obj, text_type):
        obj = obj.encode(charset)
    safe = not for_qs and b'/' or b''
    rv = text_type(url_quote(obj, safe))
    if for_qs:
        rv = rv.replace('%20', '+')
    return rv

def do_center(value, width=80):
    """Centers the value in a field of a given width."""
    return text_type(value).center(width)

value = imap(make_attrgetter(eval_ctx.environment, attribute), value)

    # no automatic escaping?  joining is a lot easier then
    if not eval_ctx.autoescape:
        return text_type(d).join(imap(text_type, value))

    # if the delimiter doesn't have an html representation we check
    # if any of the items has.  If yes we do a coercion to Markup
    if not hasattr(d, '__html__'):
        value = list(value)
        do_escape = False
        for idx, item in enumerate(value):
            if hasattr(item, '__html__'):
                do_escape = True
            else:
                value[idx] = text_type(item)
        if do_escape:
            d = escape(d)
        else:
            d = text_type(d)
        return d.join(value)

    # no html involved, to normal joining
    return soft_unicode(d).join(imap(soft_unicode, value))

def unicode_urlencode(obj, charset='utf-8'):
    """URL escapes a single bytestring or unicode string with the
    given charset if applicable to URL safe quoting under all rules
    that need to be considered under all supported Python versions.

    If non strings are provided they are converted to their unicode
    representation first.
    """
    if not isinstance(obj, string_types):
        obj = text_type(obj)
    if isinstance(obj, text_type):
        obj = obj.encode(charset)
    return text_type(url_quote(obj))