To help you get started, we've collected the most common ways that postman-request is being used within popular public projects.

Request - Simplified HTTP client

This is a fork of the excellent request module, which is used inside Postman Runtime. It contains a few bugfixes that are not fixed in request:

• Handling of old-style deflate responses: https://github.com/request/request/issues/2197
• Correct encoding of URL Parameters: https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/8321
• Redirect behavior for 307 responses when Host header is set: https://github.com/request/request/issues/2666
• Fix missing content-length header for streaming requests: https://github.com/request/request/issues/316
• Exception handling for large form-data: https://github.com/request/request/issues/1561
• Added feature to bind on stream emits via options
• Allowed sending request body with HEAD method
• Added option to retain authorization header when a redirect happens to a different hostname
• Reinitialize FormData stream on 307 or 308 redirects
• Respect form-data fields ordering
• Fixed authentication leak in 307 and 308 redirects
• Added secureConnect to timings and secureHandshake to timingPhases
• Fixed Request~getNewAgent to account for passphrase while generating poolKey
• Added support for extending the root CA certificates
• Added verbose mode to bubble up low-level request-response information

Super simple to use

Request is designed to be the simplest way possible to make http calls. It supports HTTPS and follows redirects by default.

const request = require('postman-request');
request('https://www.google.com', function (error, response, body) {
  console.log('error:', error); // Print the error if one occurred
  console.log('statusCode:', response && response.statusCode); // Print the response status code if a response was received
  console.log('body:', body); // Print the HTML for the Google homepage.
});

Table of contents

• Streaming
• Promises & Async/Await
• Forms
• HTTP Authentication
• Custom HTTP Headers
• OAuth Signing
• Proxies
• Unix Domain Sockets
• TLS/SSL Protocol
• Support for HAR 1.2
• All Available Options

Request also offers convenience methods like request.defaults and request.post, and there are lots of usage examples and several debugging techniques.

---

Streaming

You can stream any response to a file stream.

request('https://google.com/doodle.png').pipe(fs.createWriteStream('doodle.png'))

You can also stream a file to a PUT or POST request. This method will also check the file extension against a mapping of file extensions to content-types (in this case application/json) and use the proper content-type in the PUT request (if the headers don’t already provide one).

fs.createReadStream('file.json').pipe(request.put('https://mysite.com/obj.json'))

Request can also pipe to itself. When doing so, content-type and content-length are preserved in the PUT headers.

request.get('https://google.com/img.png').pipe(request.put('https://mysite.com/img.png'))

Request emits a "response" event when a response is received. The response argument will be an instance of http.IncomingMessage.

request
  .get('https://google.com/img.png')
  .on('response', function(response) {
    console.log(response.statusCode) // 200
    console.log(response.headers['content-type']) // 'image/png'
  })
  .pipe(request.put('https://mysite.com/img.png'))

To easily handle errors when streaming requests, listen to the error event before piping:

request
  .get('https://mysite.com/doodle.png')
  .on('error', function(err) {
    console.log(err)
  })
  .pipe(fs.createWriteStream('doodle.png'))

Now let’s get fancy.

http.createServer(function (req, resp) {
  if (req.url === '/doodle.png') {
    if (req.method === 'PUT') {
      req.pipe(request.put('https://mysite.com/doodle.png'))
    } else if (req.method === 'GET' || req.method === 'HEAD') {
      request.get('https://mysite.com/doodle.png').pipe(resp)
    }
  }
})

You can also pipe() from http.ServerRequest instances, as well as to http.ServerResponse instances. The HTTP method, headers, and entity-body data will be sent. Which means that, if you don't really care about security, you can do:

http.createServer(function (req, resp) {
  if (req.url === '/doodle.png') {
    const x = request('https://mysite.com/doodle.png')
    req.pipe(x)
    x.pipe(resp)
  }
})

And since pipe() returns the destination stream in ≥ Node 0.5.x you can do one line proxying. 😃

req.pipe(request('https://mysite.com/doodle.png')).pipe(resp)

Also, none of this new functionality conflicts with requests previous features, it just expands them.

const r = request.defaults({'proxy':'https://localproxy.com'})

http.createServer(function (req, resp) {
  if (req.url === '/doodle.png') {
    r.get('https://google.com/doodle.png').pipe(resp)
  }
})

You can still use intermediate proxies, the requests will still follow HTTP forwards, etc.

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---

Promises & Async/Await

request supports both streaming and callback interfaces natively. If you'd like request to return a Promise instead, you can use an alternative interface wrapper for request. These wrappers can be useful if you prefer to work with Promises, or if you'd like to use async/await in ES2017.

Several alternative interfaces are provided by the request team, including:

• request-promise (uses Bluebird Promises)
• request-promise-native (uses native Promises)
• request-promise-any (uses any-promise Promises)

Also, util.promisify, which is available from Node.js v8.0 can be used to convert a regular function that takes a callback to return a promise instead.

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---

Forms

request supports application/x-www-form-urlencoded and multipart/form-data form uploads. For multipart/related refer to the multipart API.

application/x-www-form-urlencoded (URL-Encoded Forms)

URL-encoded forms are simple.

request.post('https://service.com/upload', {form:{key:'value'}})
// or
request.post('https://service.com/upload').form({key:'value'})
// or
request.post({url:'https://service.com/upload', form: {key:'value'}}, function(err,httpResponse,body){ /* ... */ })

multipart/form-data (Multipart Form Uploads)

For multipart/form-data we use the form-data library by @felixge. For the most cases, you can pass your upload form data via the formData option.

const formData = {
  // Pass a simple key-value pair
  my_field: 'my_value',
  // Pass data via Buffers
  my_buffer: Buffer.from([1, 2, 3]),
  // Pass data via Streams
  my_file: fs.createReadStream(__dirname + '/unicycle.jpg'),
  // Pass multiple values /w an Array
  attachments: [
    fs.createReadStream(__dirname + '/attachment1.jpg'),
    fs.createReadStream(__dirname + '/attachment2.jpg')
  ],
  // Pass optional meta-data with an 'options' object with style: {value: DATA, options: OPTIONS}
  // Use case: for some types of streams, you'll need to provide "file"-related information manually.
  // See the `form-data` README for more information about options: https://github.com/form-data/form-data
  custom_file: {
    value:  fs.createReadStream('/dev/urandom'),
    options: {
      filename: 'topsecret.jpg',
      contentType: 'image/jpeg'
    }
  }
};
request.post({url:'https://service.com/upload', formData: formData}, function optionalCallback(err, httpResponse, body) {
  if (err) {
    return console.error('upload failed:', err);
  }
  console.log('Upload successful!  Server responded with:', body);
});

For advanced cases, you can access the form-data object itself via r.form(). This can be modified until the request is fired on the next cycle of the event-loop. (Note that this calling form() will clear the currently set form data for that request.)

// NOTE: Advanced use-case, for normal use see 'formData' usage above
const r = request.post('https://service.com/upload', function optionalCallback(err, httpResponse, body) {...})
const form = r.form();
form.append('my_field', 'my_value');
form.append('my_buffer', Buffer.from([1, 2, 3]));
form.append('custom_file', fs.createReadStream(__dirname + '/unicycle.jpg'), {filename: 'unicycle.jpg'});

See the form-data README for more information & examples.

multipart/related

Some variations in different HTTP implementations require a newline/CRLF before, after, or both before and after the boundary of a multipart/related request (using the multipart option). This has been observed in the .NET WebAPI version 4.0. You can turn on a boundary preambleCRLF or postamble by passing them as true to your request options.

  request({
    method: 'PUT',
    preambleCRLF: true,
    postambleCRLF: true,
    uri: 'https://service.com/upload',
    multipart: [
      {
        'content-type': 'application/json',
        body: JSON.stringify({foo: 'bar', _attachments: {'message.txt': {follows: true, length: 18, 'content_type': 'text/plain' }}})
      },
      { body: 'I am an attachment' },
      { body: fs.createReadStream('image.png') }
    ],
    // alternatively pass an object containing additional options
    multipart: {
      chunked: false,
      data: [
        {
          'content-type': 'application/json',
          body: JSON.stringify({foo: 'bar', _attachments: {'message.txt': {follows: true, length: 18, 'content_type': 'text/plain' }}})
        },
        { body: 'I am an attachment' }
      ]
    }
  },
  function (error, response, body) {
    if (error) {
      return console.error('upload failed:', error);
    }
    console.log('Upload successful!  Server responded with:', body);
  })

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---

HTTP Authentication

request.get('https://some.server.com/').auth('username', 'password', false);
// or
request.get('https://some.server.com/', {
  'auth': {
    'user': 'username',
    'pass': 'password',
    'sendImmediately': false
  }
});
// or
request.get('https://some.server.com/').auth(null, null, true, 'bearerToken');
// or
request.get('https://some.server.com/', {
  'auth': {
    'bearer': 'bearerToken'
  }
});

If passed as an option, auth should be a hash containing values:

• user || username
• pass || password
• sendImmediately (optional)
• bearer (optional)

The method form takes parameters auth(username, password, sendImmediately, bearer).

sendImmediately defaults to true, which causes a basic or bearer authentication header to be sent. If sendImmediately is false, then request will retry with a proper authentication header after receiving a 401 response from the server (which must contain a WWW-Authenticate header indicating the required authentication method).

Note that you can also specify basic authentication using the URL itself, as detailed in RFC 1738. Simply pass the user:password before the host with an @ sign:

const username = 'username',
    password = 'password',
    url = 'https://' + username + ':' + password + '@some.server.com';

request({url}, function (error, response, body) {
   // Do more stuff with 'body' here
});

Digest authentication is supported, but it only works with sendImmediately set to false; otherwise request will send basic authentication on the initial request, which will probably cause the request to fail.

Bearer authentication is supported, and is activated when the bearer value is available. The value may be either a String or a Function returning a String. Using a function to supply the bearer token is particularly useful if used in conjunction with defaults to allow a single function to supply the last known token at the time of sending a request, or to compute one on the fly.

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---

Custom HTTP Headers

HTTP Headers, such as User-Agent, can be set in the options object. In the example below, we call the github API to find out the number of stars and forks for the request repository. This requires a custom User-Agent header as well as https.

const request = require('postman-request');

const options = {
  url: 'https://api.github.com/repos/request/request',
  headers: {
    'User-Agent': 'postman-request'
  }
};

function callback(error, response, body) {
  if (!error && response.statusCode == 200) {
    const info = JSON.parse(body);
    console.log(info.stargazers_count + " Stars");
    console.log(info.forks_count + " Forks");
  }
}

request(options, callback);

Blacklisting headers

Use options.blacklistHeaders option to blacklist the list of headers from requests and redirects.

var options = {
  setHost: false, // set false to disable addition of `Host` header
  blacklistHeaders: ['connection', 'content-length', 'transfer-encoding']
}

request.post('https://localhost:3000', options, function(err, res, body) {
    // "POST / HTTP/1.1\r\n\r\n"
});

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---

OAuth Signing

OAuth version 1.0 is supported. The default signing algorithm is HMAC-SHA1:

// OAuth1.0 - 3-legged server side flow (Twitter example)
// step 1
const qs = require('querystring')
  , oauth =
    { callback: 'https://mysite.com/callback/'
    , consumer_key: CONSUMER_KEY
    , consumer_secret: CONSUMER_SECRET
    }
  , url = 'https://api.twitter.com/oauth/request_token'
  ;
request.post({url:url, oauth:oauth}, function (e, r, body) {
  // Ideally, you would take the body in the response
  // and construct a URL that a user clicks on (like a sign in button).
  // The verifier is only available in the response after a user has
  // verified with twitter that they are authorizing your app.

  // step 2
  const req_data = qs.parse(body)
  const uri = 'https://api.twitter.com/oauth/authenticate'
    + '?' + qs.stringify({oauth_token: req_data.oauth_token})
  // redirect the user to the authorize uri

  // step 3
  // after the user is redirected back to your server
  const auth_data = qs.parse(body)
    , oauth =
      { consumer_key: CONSUMER_KEY
      , consumer_secret: CONSUMER_SECRET
      , token: auth_data.oauth_token
      , token_secret: req_data.oauth_token_secret
      , verifier: auth_data.oauth_verifier
      }
    , url = 'https://api.twitter.com/oauth/access_token'
    ;
  request.post({url:url, oauth:oauth}, function (e, r, body) {
    // ready to make signed requests on behalf of the user
    const perm_data = qs.parse(body)
      , oauth =
        { consumer_key: CONSUMER_KEY
        , consumer_secret: CONSUMER_SECRET
        , token: perm_data.oauth_token
        , token_secret: perm_data.oauth_token_secret
        }
      , url = 'https://api.twitter.com/1.1/users/show.json'
      , qs =
        { screen_name: perm_data.screen_name
        , user_id: perm_data.user_id
        }
      ;
    request.get({url:url, oauth:oauth, qs:qs, json:true}, function (e, r, user) {
      console.log(user)
    })
  })
})

For RSA-SHA1 signing, make the following changes to the OAuth options object:

• Pass signature_method : 'RSA-SHA1'
• Instead of consumer_secret, specify a private_key string in PEM format

For PLAINTEXT signing, make the following changes to the OAuth options object:

• Pass signature_method : 'PLAINTEXT'

To send OAuth parameters via query params or in a post body as described in The Consumer Request Parameters section of the oauth1 spec:

• Pass transport_method : 'query' or transport_method : 'body' in the OAuth options object.
• transport_method defaults to 'header'

To use Request Body Hash you can either

• Manually generate the body hash and pass it as a string body_hash: '...'
• Automatically generate the body hash by passing body_hash: true

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---

Proxies

If you specify a proxy option, then the request (and any subsequent redirects) will be sent via a connection to the proxy server.

If your endpoint is an https url, and you are using a proxy, then request will send a CONNECT request to the proxy server first, and then use the supplied connection to connect to the endpoint.

That is, first it will make a request like:

HTTP/1.1 CONNECT endpoint-server.com:80
Host: proxy-server.com
User-Agent: whatever user agent you specify

and then the proxy server make a TCP connection to endpoint-server on port 80, and return a response that looks like:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK

At this point, the connection is left open, and the client is communicating directly with the endpoint-server.com machine.

See the wikipedia page on HTTP Tunneling for more information.

By default, when proxying http traffic, request will simply make a standard proxied http request. This is done by making the url section of the initial line of the request a fully qualified url to the endpoint.

For example, it will make a single request that looks like:

HTTP/1.1 GET https://endpoint-server.com/some-url
Host: proxy-server.com
Other-Headers: all go here

request body or whatever

Because a pure "http over http" tunnel offers no additional security or other features, it is generally simpler to go with a straightforward HTTP proxy in this case. However, if you would like to force a tunneling proxy, you may set the tunnel option to true.

You can also make a standard proxied http request by explicitly setting tunnel : false, but note that this will allow the proxy to see the traffic to/from the destination server.

If you are using a tunneling proxy, you may set the proxyHeaderWhiteList to share certain headers with the proxy.

You can also set the proxyHeaderExclusiveList to share certain headers only with the proxy and not with destination host.

By default, this set is:

accept
accept-charset
accept-encoding
accept-language
accept-ranges
cache-control
content-encoding
content-language
content-length
content-location
content-md5
content-range
content-type
connection
date
expect
max-forwards
pragma
proxy-authorization
referer
te
transfer-encoding
user-agent
via

Note that, when using a tunneling proxy, the proxy-authorization header and any headers from custom proxyHeaderExclusiveList are never sent to the endpoint server, but only to the proxy server.

Controlling proxy behaviour using environment variables

The following environment variables are respected by request:

• HTTP_PROXY / http_proxy
• HTTPS_PROXY / https_proxy
• NO_PROXY / no_proxy

When HTTP_PROXY / http_proxy are set, they will be used to proxy non-SSL requests that do not have an explicit proxy configuration option present. Similarly, HTTPS_PROXY / https_proxy will be respected for SSL requests that do not have an explicit proxy configuration option. It is valid to define a proxy in one of the environment variables, but then override it for a specific request, using the proxy configuration option. Furthermore, the proxy configuration option can be explicitly set to false / null to opt out of proxying altogether for that request.

request is also aware of the NO_PROXY/no_proxy environment variables. These variables provide a granular way to opt out of proxying, on a per-host basis. It should contain a comma separated list of hosts to opt out of proxying. It is also possible to opt of proxying when a particular destination port is used. Finally, the variable may be set to * to opt out of the implicit proxy configuration of the other environment variables.

Here's some examples of valid no_proxy values:

• google.com - don't proxy HTTP/HTTPS requests to Google.
• google.com:443 - don't proxy HTTPS requests to Google, but do proxy HTTP requests to Google.
• google.com:443, yahoo.com:80 - don't proxy HTTPS requests to Google, and don't proxy HTTP requests to Yahoo!
• * - ignore https_proxy/http_proxy environment variables altogether.

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---

UNIX Domain Sockets

request supports making requests to UNIX Domain Sockets. To make one, use the following URL scheme:

/* Pattern */ 'https://unix:SOCKET:PATH'
/* Example */ request.get('https://unix:/absolute/path/to/unix.socket:/request/path')

Note: The SOCKET path is assumed to be absolute to the root of the host file system.

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---

TLS/SSL Protocol

TLS/SSL Protocol options, such as cert, key and passphrase, can be set directly in options object, in the agentOptions property of the options object, or even in https.globalAgent.options. Keep in mind that, although agentOptions allows for a slightly wider range of configurations, the recommended way is via options object directly, as using agentOptions or https.globalAgent.options would not be applied in the same way in proxied environments (as data travels through a TLS connection instead of an http/https agent).

const fs = require('fs')
    , path = require('path')
    , certFile = path.resolve(__dirname, 'ssl/client.crt')
    , keyFile = path.resolve(__dirname, 'ssl/client.key')
    , caFile = path.resolve(__dirname, 'ssl/ca.cert.pem')
    , request = require('postman-request');

const options = {
    url: 'https://api.some-server.com/',
    cert: fs.readFileSync(certFile),
    key: fs.readFileSync(keyFile),
    passphrase: 'password',
    ca: fs.readFileSync(caFile)
};

request.get(options);

Using options.agentOptions

In the example below, we call an API that requires client side SSL certificate (in PEM format) with passphrase protected private key (in PEM format) and disable the SSLv3 protocol:

const fs = require('fs')
    , path = require('path')
    , certFile = path.resolve(__dirname, 'ssl/client.crt')
    , keyFile = path.resolve(__dirname, 'ssl/client.key')
    , request = require('postman-request');

const options = {
    url: 'https://api.some-server.com/',
    agentOptions: {
        cert: fs.readFileSync(certFile),
        key: fs.readFileSync(keyFile),
        // Or use `pfx` property replacing `cert` and `key` when using private key, certificate and CA certs in PFX or PKCS12 format:
        // pfx: fs.readFileSync(pfxFilePath),
        passphrase: 'password',
        securityOptions: 'SSL_OP_NO_SSLv3'
    }
};

request.get(options);

It is able to force using SSLv3 only by specifying secureProtocol:

request.get({
    url: 'https://api.some-server.com/',
    agentOptions: {
        secureProtocol: 'SSLv3_method'
    }
});

It is possible to accept other certificates than those signed by generally allowed Certificate Authorities (CAs). This can be useful, for example, when using self-signed certificates. To require a different root certificate, you can specify the signing CA by adding the contents of the CA's certificate file to the agentOptions. The certificate the domain presents must be signed by the root certificate specified:

request.get({
    url: 'https://api.some-server.com/',
    agentOptions: {
        ca: fs.readFileSync('ca.cert.pem')
    }
});

The ca value can be an array of certificates, in the event you have a private or internal corporate public-key infrastructure hierarchy. For example, if you want to connect to https://api.some-server.com which presents a key chain consisting of:

1. its own public key, which is signed by:
2. an intermediate "Corp Issuing Server", that is in turn signed by:
3. a root CA "Corp Root CA";

you can configure your request as follows:

request.get({
    url: 'https://api.some-server.com/',
    agentOptions: {
        ca: [
          fs.readFileSync('Corp Issuing Server.pem'),
          fs.readFileSync('Corp Root CA.pem')
        ]
    }
});

NOTE: If using protocolVersion anything other than http1, make sure that the agent is capable of handling requests with the specified protocol version. For example, if protocolVersion is set to http1, the agent should be an instance of http.Agent.

Using options.verbose

Using this option the debug object holds low level request response information like remote address, negotiated ciphers etc. Example debug object:

request({url: 'https://www.google.com', verbose: true}, function (error, response, body, debug) {
  // debug:
  /*
  [
    {
      "request": {
        "method": "GET",
        "href": "https://www.google.com/",
        "httpVersion": "1.1"
      },
      "session": {
        "id": "9a1ac0d7-b757-48ad-861c-d59d6af5f43f",
        "reused": false,
        "data": {
          "addresses": {
            "local": {
              "address": "8.8.4.4",
              "family": "IPv4",
              "port": 61632
            },
            "remote": {
              "address": "172.217.31.196",
              "family": "IPv4",
              "port": 443
            }
          },
          "tls": {
            "reused": false,
            "authorized": true,
            "authorizationError": null,
            "cipher": {
              "name": "ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256",
              "version": "TLSv1/SSLv3"
            },
            "protocol": "TLSv1.2",
            "ephemeralKeyInfo": {
              "type": "ECDH",
              "name": "X25519",
              "size": 253
            },
            "peerCertificate": {
              "subject": {
                "country": "US",
                "stateOrProvince": "California",
                "locality": "Mountain View",
                "organization": "Google LLC",
                "commonName": "www.google.com",
                "alternativeNames": "DNS:www.google.com"
              },
              "issuer": {
                "country": "US",
                "organization": "Google Trust Services",
                "commonName": "Google Internet Authority G3"
              },
              "validFrom": "Nov 11 09:52:22 2009 GMT",
              "validTo": "Nov 6 09:52:22 2029 GMT",
              "fingerprint": "DF:6B:95:81:C6:03:EB:ED:48:EB:6C:CF:EE:FE:E6:1F:AD:01:78:34",
              "serialNumber": "3A15F4C87FB4D33993D3EEB3BF4AE5E4"
            }
          }
        }
      },
      "response": {
        "statusCode": 200,
        "httpVersion": "1.1".
        "downloadedBytes": 1234,
      },
      "timingStart": 1552908287924,
      "timingStartTimer": 805.690674,
      "timings": {
        "socket": 28.356426000000056,
        "lookup": 210.3752320000001,
        "connect": 224.57993499999998,
        "secureConnect": 292.80315800000017,
        "response": 380.61268100000007,
        "end": 401.8332560000001
      }
    }
  ]
  */
});

Extending root CAs

The root CAs can be extended using the extraCA option. The file should consist of one or more trusted certificates in PEM format.

This is similar to NODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS. But, if options.ca is specified, those will be extended as well.

// request with extra CA certs
request.get({
    url: 'https://api.some-server.com/',
    extraCA: fs.readFileSync('Extra CA Certificates .pem')
});

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---

Support for HAR 1.2

The options.har property will override the values: url, method, qs, headers, form, formData, body, json, as well as construct multipart data and read files from disk when request.postData.params[].fileName is present without a matching value.

A validation step will check if the HAR Request format matches the latest spec (v1.2) and will skip parsing if not matching.

  const request = require('postman-request')
  request({
    // will be ignored
    method: 'GET',
    uri: 'https://www.google.com',

    // HTTP Archive Request Object
    har: {
      url: 'https://www.mockbin.com/har',
      method: 'POST',
      headers: [
        {
          name: 'content-type',
          value: 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
        }
      ],
      postData: {
        mimeType: 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
        params: [
          {
            name: 'foo',
            value: 'bar'
          },
          {
            name: 'hello',
            value: 'world'
          }
        ]
      }
    }
  })

  // a POST request will be sent to https://www.mockbin.com
  // with body an application/x-www-form-urlencoded body:
  // foo=bar&hello=world

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---

request(options, callback)

The first argument can be either a url or an options object. The only required option is uri; all others are optional.

• uri || url - fully qualified uri or a parsed url object from url.parse()
• baseUrl - fully qualified uri string used as the base url. Most useful with request.defaults, for example when you want to do many requests to the same domain. If baseUrl is https://example.com/api/, then requesting /end/point?test=true will fetch https://example.com/api/end/point?test=true. When baseUrl is given, uri must also be a string.
• method - http method (default: "GET")
• headers - http headers (default: {})
• protocolVersion - HTTP Protocol Version to use. Can be one of auto|http1|http2 (default: http1). Is overridden to http1 when sending a http request, using proxy, or running in a browser environment.

---

• qs - object containing querystring values to be appended to the uri
• qsParseOptions - object containing options to pass to the qs.parse method. Alternatively pass options to the querystring.parse method using this format {sep:';', eq:':', options:{}}
• qsStringifyOptions - object containing options to pass to the qs.stringify method. Alternatively pass options to the querystring.stringify method using this format {sep:';', eq:':', options:{}}. For example, to change the way arrays are converted to query strings using the qs module pass the arrayFormat option with one of indices|brackets|repeat
• useQuerystring - if true, use querystring to stringify and parse querystrings, otherwise use qs (default: false). Set this option to true if you need arrays to be serialized as foo=bar&foo=baz instead of the default foo[0]=bar&foo[1]=baz.

---

• body - entity body for PATCH, POST and PUT requests. Must be a Buffer, String or ReadStream. If json is true, then body must be a JSON-serializable object.
• form - when passed an object or a querystring, this sets body to a querystring representation of value, and adds Content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded header. When passed no options, a FormData instance is returned (and is piped to request). See "Forms" section above.
• formData - data to pass for a multipart/form-data request. See Forms section above.
• multipart - array of objects which contain their own headers and body attributes. Sends a multipart/related request. See Forms section above.
  • Alternatively you can pass in an object {chunked: false, data: []} where chunked is used to specify whether the request is sent in chunked transfer encoding In non-chunked requests, data items with body streams are not allowed.
• preambleCRLF - append a newline/CRLF before the boundary of your multipart/form-data request.
• postambleCRLF - append a newline/CRLF at the end of the boundary of your multipart/form-data request.
• json - sets body to JSON representation of value and adds Content-type: application/json header. Additionally, parses the response body as JSON.
• jsonReviver - a reviver function that will be passed to JSON.parse() when parsing a JSON response body.
• jsonReplacer - a replacer function that will be passed to JSON.stringify() when stringifying a JSON request body.

---

• auth - a hash containing values user || username, pass || password, and sendImmediately (optional). See documentation above.
• oauth - options for OAuth HMAC-SHA1 signing. See documentation above.
• hawk - options for Hawk signing. The credentials key must contain the necessary signing info, see hawk docs for details.
• aws - object containing AWS signing information. Should have the properties key, secret, and optionally session (note that this only works for services that require session as part of the canonical string). Also requires the property bucket, unless you’re specifying your bucket as part of the path, or the request doesn’t use a bucket (i.e. GET Services). If you want to use AWS sign version 4 use the parameter sign_version with value 4 otherwise the default is version 2. If you are using SigV4, you can also include a service property that specifies the service name. Note: you need to npm install aws4 first.
• httpSignature - options for the HTTP Signature Scheme using Joyent's library. The keyId and key properties must be specified. See the docs for other options.

---

• followRedirect - follow HTTP 3xx responses as redirects (default: true). This property can also be implemented as function which gets response object as a single argument and should return true if redirects should continue or false otherwise.
• followAllRedirects - follow non-GET HTTP 3xx responses as redirects (default: false)
• followOriginalHttpMethod - by default we redirect to HTTP method GET. you can enable this property to redirect to the original HTTP method (default: false)
• followAuthorizationHeader - retain authorization header when a redirect happens to a different hostname (default: false)
• maxRedirects - the maximum number of redirects to follow (default: 10)
• removeRefererHeader - removes the referer header when a redirect happens (default: false). Note: if true, referer header set in the initial request is preserved during redirect chain.

---

• encoding - encoding to be used on setEncoding of response data. If null, the body is returned as a Buffer. Anything else (including the default value of undefined) will be passed as the encoding parameter to toString() (meaning this is effectively utf8 by default). (Note: if you expect binary data, you should set encoding: null.)
• statusMessageEncoding - if provided, this will be passed as the encoding parameter to toString() to convert the status message buffer. Otherwise, status message will returned as a string with encoding type latin1. Providing a value in this option will result in force re-encoding of the status message which may not always be intended by the server - specifically in cases where server returns a status message which when encoded again with a different character encoding results in some other characters. For example: If the server intentionally responds with ð\x9F\x98\x8A as status message but if the statusMessageEncoding option is set to utf8, then it would get converted to '😊'.
• gzip - if true, add an Accept-Encoding header to request compressed content encodings from the server (if not already present) and decode supported content encodings in the response. Note: Automatic decoding of the response content is performed on the body data returned through request (both through the request stream and passed to the callback function) but is not performed on the response stream (available from the response event) which is the unmodified http.IncomingMessage object which may contain compressed data. See example below.
• brotli - if true, add an Accept-Encoding header to request Brotli compressed content encodings from the server (if not already present).
• jar - if true, remember cookies for future use (or define your custom cookie jar; see examples section)

---

• agent - http(s).Agent instance to use
• agentClass - alternatively specify your agent's class name
• agentOptions - and pass its options. Note: for HTTPS see tls API doc for TLS/SSL options and the documentation above.
• agents - Specify separate agent instances for HTTP and HTTPS requests. Required in case of HTTP to HTTPS redirects and vice versa. For example:

request.defaults({
  agents: {
    http: new http.Agent(),
    https: {
      agentClass: https.Agent,
      agentOptions: { keepAlive: true }
    }
  }
})

• forever - set to true to use the forever-agent Note: Defaults to http(s).Agent({keepAlive:true}) in node 0.12+
• pool - an object describing which agents to use for the request. If this option is omitted the request will use the global agent (as long as your options allow for it). Otherwise, request will search the pool for your custom agent. If no custom agent is found, a new agent will be created and added to the pool. Note: pool is used only when the agent option is not specified.
  • A maxSockets property can also be provided on the pool object to set the max number of sockets for all agents created (ex: pool: {maxSockets: Infinity}).
  • Note that if you are sending multiple requests in a loop and creating multiple new pool objects, maxSockets will not work as intended. To work around this, either use request.defaults with your pool options or create the pool object with the maxSockets property outside of the loop.
• timeout - integer containing number of milliseconds, controls two timeouts
  • Time to wait for a server to send response headers (and start the response body) before aborting the request. Note that if the underlying TCP connection cannot be established, the OS-wide TCP connection timeout will overrule the timeout option (the default in Linux can be anywhere from 20-120 seconds).
  • Sets the socket to timeout after timeout milliseconds of inactivity on the socket.

• maxResponseSize - Abort request if the response size exceeds this threshold (bytes).

---

• localAddress - local interface to bind for network connections.
• proxy - an HTTP proxy to be used. Supports proxy Auth with Basic Auth, identical to support for the url parameter (by embedding the auth info in the uri)
• strictSSL - if true, requires SSL certificates be valid. Note: to use your own certificate authority, you need to specify an agent that was created with that CA as an option.
• tunnel - controls the behavior of HTTP CONNECT tunneling as follows:
  • undefined (default) - true if the destination is https, false otherwise
  • true - always tunnel to the destination by making a CONNECT request to the proxy
  • false - request the destination as a GET request.
• proxyHeaderWhiteList - a whitelist of headers to send to a tunneling proxy.
• proxyHeaderExclusiveList - a whitelist of headers to send exclusively to a tunneling proxy and not to destination.

---

• disableUrlEncoding - if true, it will not use postman-url-encoder to encode URL. It means that if URL is given as object, it will be used as it is without doing any encoding. But if URL is given as string, it will be encoded by Node while converting it to object.

• urlParser - it takes an object with two functions parse and resolve in it. The parse function is used to parse the URL string into URL object and the resolve function is used to resolve relative URLs with respect to base URL. If this option is not provided or it is provided but does not contain both (parse and resolve) methods, it will default to Node's url.parse() and url.resolve() methods.

• time - if true, the request-response cycle (including all redirects) is timed at millisecond resolution. When set, the following properties are added to the response object:

  • elapsedTime Duration of the entire request/response in milliseconds (deprecated).
  • responseStartTime Timestamp when the response began (in Unix Epoch milliseconds) (deprecated).
  • timingStart Timestamp of the start of the request (in Unix Epoch milliseconds).
  • timings Contains event timestamps in millisecond resolution relative to timingStart. If there were redirects, the properties reflect the timings of the final request in the redirect chain:
    • socket Relative timestamp when the http module's socket event fires. This happens when the socket is assigned to the request.
    • lookup Relative timestamp when the net module's lookup event fires. This happens when the DNS has been resolved.
    • connect: Relative timestamp when the net module's connect event fires. This happens when the server acknowledges the TCP connection.
    • secureConnect: Relative timestamp when the tls module's secureconnect event fires. This happens when the handshaking process for a new connection has successfully completed.
    • response: Relative timestamp when the http module's response event fires. This happens when the first bytes are received from the server.
    • end: Relative timestamp when the last bytes of the response are received.
  • timingPhases Contains the durations of each request phase. If there were redirects, the properties reflect the timings of the final request in the redirect chain:
    • wait: Duration of socket initialization (timings.socket)
    • dns: Duration of DNS lookup (timings.lookup - timings.socket)
    • tcp: Duration of TCP connection (timings.connect - timings.lookup)
    • secureHandshake: Duration of SSL handshake (timings.secureConnect - timings.connect)
    • firstByte: Duration of HTTP server response (timings.response - timings.connect|timings.secureConnect)
    • download: Duration of HTTP download (timings.end - timings.response)
    • total: Duration entire HTTP round-trip (timings.end)

• har - a HAR 1.2 Request Object, will be processed from HAR format into options overwriting matching values (see the HAR 1.2 section for details)

• callback - alternatively pass the request's callback in the options object

The callback argument gets 3 arguments:

1. An error when applicable (usually from http.ClientRequest object)
2. An http.IncomingMessage object (Response object)
3. The third is the response body (String or Buffer, or JSON object if the json option is supplied)

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---

Convenience methods

There are also shorthand methods for different HTTP METHODs and some other conveniences.

request.defaults(options)

This method returns a wrapper around the normal request API that defaults to whatever options you pass to it.

Note: request.defaults() does not modify the global request API; instead, it returns a wrapper that has your default settings applied to it.

Note: You can call .defaults() on the wrapper that is returned from request.defaults to add/override defaults that were previously defaulted.

For example:

//requests using baseRequest() will set the 'x-token' header
const baseRequest = request.defaults({
  headers: {'x-token': 'my-token'}
})

//requests using specialRequest() will include the 'x-token' header set in
//baseRequest and will also include the 'special' header
const specialRequest = baseRequest.defaults({
  headers: {special: 'special value'}
})

request.METHOD()

These HTTP method convenience functions act just like request() but with a default method already set for you:

• request.get(): Defaults to method: "GET".
• request.post(): Defaults to method: "POST".
• request.put(): Defaults to method: "PUT".
• request.patch(): Defaults to method: "PATCH".
• request.del() / request.delete(): Defaults to method: "DELETE".
• request.head(): Defaults to method: "HEAD".
• request.options(): Defaults to method: "OPTIONS".

request.cookie()

Function that creates a new cookie.

request.cookie('key1=value1')

request.jar()

Function that creates a new cookie jar.

request.jar()

response.caseless.get('header-name')

Function that returns the specified response header field using a case-insensitive match

request('https://www.google.com', function (error, response, body) {
  // print the Content-Type header even if the server returned it as 'content-type' (lowercase)
  console.log('Content-Type is:', response.caseless.get('Content-Type'));
});

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---

Debugging

There are at least three ways to debug the operation of request:

1. Launch the node process like NODE_DEBUG=request node script.js (lib,request,otherlib works too).

2. Set require('postman-request').debug = true at any time (this does the same thing as #1).

3. Use the request-debug module to view request and response headers and bodies.

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---

Timeouts

Most requests to external servers should have a timeout attached, in case the server is not responding in a timely manner. Without a timeout, your code may have a socket open/consume resources for minutes or more.

There are two main types of timeouts: connection timeouts and read timeouts. A connect timeout occurs if the timeout is hit while your client is attempting to establish a connection to a remote machine (corresponding to the connect() call on the socket). A read timeout occurs any time the server is too slow to send back a part of the response.

These two situations have widely different implications for what went wrong with the request, so it's useful to be able to distinguish them. You can detect timeout errors by checking err.code for an 'ETIMEDOUT' value. Further, you can detect whether the timeout was a connection timeout by checking if the err.connect property is set to true.

request.get('https://10.255.255.1', {timeout: 1500}, function(err) {
    console.log(err.code === 'ETIMEDOUT');
    // Set to `true` if the timeout was a connection timeout, `false` or
    // `undefined` otherwise.
    console.log(err.connect === true);
    process.exit(0);
});

Examples:

  const request = require('postman-request')
    , rand = Math.floor(Math.random()*100000000).toString()
    ;
  request(
    { method: 'PUT'
    , uri: 'https://mikeal.iriscouch.com/testjs/' + rand
    , multipart:
      [ { 'content-type': 'application/json'
        ,  body: JSON.stringify({foo: 'bar', _attachments: {'message.txt': {follows: true, length: 18, 'content_type': 'text/plain' }}})
        }
      , { body: 'I am an attachment' }
      ]
    }
  , function (error, response, body) {
      if(response.statusCode == 201){
        console.log('document saved as: https://mikeal.iriscouch.com/testjs/'+ rand)
      } else {
        console.log('error: '+ response.statusCode)
        console.log(body)
      }
    }
  )

For backwards-compatibility, response compression is not supported by default. To accept gzip-compressed responses, set the gzip option to true. Note that the body data passed through request is automatically decompressed while the response object is unmodified and will contain compressed data if the server sent a compressed response.

  const request = require('postman-request')
  request(
    { method: 'GET'
    , uri: 'https://www.google.com'
    , gzip: true
    }
  , function (error, response, body) {
      // body is the decompressed response body
      console.log('server encoded the data as: ' + (response.headers['content-encoding'] || 'identity'))
      console.log('the decoded data is: ' + body)
    }
  )
  .on('data', function(data) {
    // decompressed data as it is received
    console.log('decoded chunk: ' + data)
  })
  .on('response', function(response) {
    // unmodified http.IncomingMessage object
    response.on('data', function(data) {
      // compressed data as it is received
      console.log('received ' + data.length + ' bytes of compressed data')
    })
  })

Cookies are disabled by default (else, they would be used in subsequent requests). To enable cookies, set jar to true (either in defaults or options).

const request = request.defaults({jar: true})
request('https://www.google.com', function () {
  request('https://images.google.com')
})

To use a custom cookie jar (instead of request’s global cookie jar), set jar to an instance of request.jar() (either in defaults or options)

const j = request.jar()
const request = request.defaults({jar:j})
request('https://www.google.com', function () {
  request('https://images.google.com')
})

OR

const j = request.jar();
const cookie = request.cookie('key1=value1');
const url = 'https://www.google.com';
j.setCookie(cookie, url);
request({url: url, jar: j}, function () {
  request('https://images.google.com')
})

To use a custom cookie store (such as a FileCookieStore which supports saving to and restoring from JSON files), pass it as a parameter to request.jar():

const FileCookieStore = require('tough-cookie-filestore');
// NOTE - currently the 'cookies.json' file must already exist!
const j = request.jar(new FileCookieStore('cookies.json'));
request = request.defaults({ jar : j })
request('https://www.google.com', function() {
  request('https://images.google.com')
})

The cookie store must be a tough-cookie store and it must support asynchronous operations; see the CookieStore API docs for details.

To inspect your cookie jar after a request:

const j = request.jar()
request({url: 'https://www.google.com', jar: j}, function () {
  const cookie_string = j.getCookieStringSync(url); // "key1=value1; key2=value2; ..."
  const cookies = j.getCookiesSync(url);
  // [{key: 'key1', value: 'value1', domain: "www.google.com", ...}, ...]
})

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